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V.10Sources

Guidelines

  • Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Immissionsschutz (LAI): Hinweise zur Messung, Beurteilung und Minderung von Lichtimmissionen. Resolution of 13.09.2012; Annex 2 "Empfehlungen zur Ermittlung, Beurteilung und Minderung der Blendwirkung von Photovoltaikanlagen", as of 03.11.2015.
  • OVE Österreichischer Verband für Elektrotechnik: OVE-Richtlinie R 11-3, Blendung durch Photovoltaikanlagen. Edition 2016-11-01. Vienna.
  • EnergieSchweiz, Swissolar et al.: Leitfaden zum Melde- und Bewilligungsverfahren für Solaranlagen. Bern, June 2023.
  • Fernstraßen-Bundesamt: Eckpunktepapier Photovoltaik: Blendwirkungen und Blendgutachten. As of November 2025.
  • Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft Straße – Schiene – Verkehr (FSV): RVS 05.06.11, Visuelle Störungen – Kriterien zu Standorten von Informationsträgern. Leaflet, Vienna, 01.12.2011.
  • Federal Aviation Administration: Federal Aviation Administration Policy: Review of Solar Energy System Projects on Federally-Obligated Airports. Federal Register 86, 25801–25803, 11.05.2021, document 2021-09862.
  • Federal Aviation Administration: Interim Policy, FAA Review of Solar Energy System Projects on Federally Obligated Airports. Federal Register 78, 63276–63279, 23.10.2013, document 2013-24729.
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): Certification Specifications and Guidance Material for Aerodromes Design (CS-ADR-DSN), Issue 6, ED Decision 2022/006/R, 29.03.2022; GM1 ADR-DSN.M.615. Same wording in Issue 7, ED Decision 2025/004/R, applicable since 24.05.2025.

Solar position, irradiance and luminous efficacy

  • Reda, I.; Andreas, A. (2004): Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications. Solar Energy 76(5), 577–589. DOI 10.1016/j.solener.2003.12.003.
  • Ineichen, P.; Perez, R. (2002): A new airmass independent formulation for the Linke turbidity coefficient. Solar Energy 73(3), 151–157. DOI 10.1016/S0038-092X(02)00045-2.
  • Holmgren, W. F.; Hansen, C. W.; Mikofski, M. A. (2018): pvlib python: a python package for modeling solar energy systems. Journal of Open Source Software 3(29), 884. DOI 10.21105/joss.00884.
  • Littlefair, P. J. (1988): Measurements of the luminous efficacy of daylight. Lighting Research & Technology 20(4), 177–188. DOI 10.1177/096032718802000405.

Tracking

  • Lorenzo, E.; Narvarte, L.; Muñoz, J. (2011): Tracking and back-tracking. Progress in Photovoltaics 19(6), 747–753. DOI 10.1002/pip.1085.
  • Marion, W.; Dobos, A. (2013): Rotation Angle for the Optimum Tracking of One-Axis Trackers. NREL/TP-6A20-58891, Golden, CO. DOI 10.2172/1089596.
  • Anderson, K.; Mikofski, M. (2020): Slope-Aware Backtracking for Single-Axis Trackers. NREL/TP-5K00-76626, Golden, CO. DOI 10.2172/1660126.

Reflection and glare

  • Ruesch, F.; Battaglia, M.; Brunold, S. (2016): Methode zur Quantifizierung der Blendung durch Solaranlagen – Vergleich mit anderen Materialien der Gebäudehülle. 26. Symposium Thermische Solarenergie, Bad Staffelstein, 20–22.04.2016.
  • Babin, M.; Thorsteinsson, S.; Jakobsen, M. L.; Spataru, S. V. (2022): Glare Potential Evaluation of Structured PV Glass Based on Gonioreflectometry. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 12(6), 1314–1318. DOI 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2022.3189779.
  • Toggweiler, P.; Bohren, A.; Bucher, C.; Rechsteiner, T. (2024): Stand der Technik zu blendarmen Oberflächen bei PV-Modulen. Report commissioned by EnergieSchweiz, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, October 2024.
  • Rogers, J. A.; Ho, C. K.; Mead, A.; Millan, A.; Beben, M.; Drechsler, G. (2015): Evaluation of Glare as a Hazard for General Aviation Pilots on Final Approach. FAA Office of Aerospace Medicine, DOT/FAA/AM-15/12.
  • Ho, C. K.; Ghanbari, C. M.; Diver, R. B. (2011): Methodology to Assess Potential Glint and Glare Hazards From Concentrating Solar Power Plants: Analytical Models and Experimental Validation. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 133(3), 031021. DOI 10.1115/1.4004349.

Quality assurance

  • CIE 171:2006: Test Cases to Assess the Accuracy of Lighting Computer Programs. Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage, Vienna.
  • Reda, I.; Andreas, A. (2008): Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications. NREL/TP-560-34302, revised January 2008, Golden, CO. DOI 10.2172/15003974.
  • Ward, G. J. (1994): The RADIANCE Lighting Simulation and Rendering System. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94, 459–472. DOI 10.1145/192161.192286. Used: Radiance 6.0.2 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Data

  • European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC): Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), horizon profiles. https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/